interesting tetradrachm that highlights the detailed inspection that can be required to differentiate between ancient Ancient Society,38 , 103-135. GRAY-FOW, M. (2014). WHAT TO DO WITH CAESARION . CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: The Ptolemies, Part I , The Ptolemies, Part II , The Ptolemies, Part III

Rome by another name The Seljuks of Rum ruled central and eastern Anatolia from the late eleventh century to the early fourteenth. Their capital was Konya, the old Greek Ikonion, and their name gives away whose land they held. "Rum" comes from Rhomaioi, the Greek word by which the Byzantines called themselves, so a Turkish dynasty took its title from the Roman name of the territory it had taken from Byzantium. For a collector whose main interest is the Roman Republic, that etymology is the hook: even here, in thirteenth-century Anatolia, the coins carry a memory of Rome. This post shares a selection of Seljuk dirhams (the standard Islamic silver coin) from the reign of Rukn al-Din Sulayman II around 1200 to the last Seljuk sultan, Mas'ud II, a little after 1300. The century between them runs from the height of the sultanate, through a Georgian love story written onto the coinage, to defeat by the Mongols and a slow fade into vassalage. The latest addition, a dirham struck for Mas'ud II at a silver-mine mint in 685 AH, closes the sequence. A note on names: the sultans reused a short stock of names, so Kaykhusraw, Kayqubad, and Kaykaus recur across generations. I include the regnal number where it helps. The horseman: Sulayman II The earliest coin here is figural, which was normal for the Seljuks of this period. Islamic coinage generally avoided images, but the Rum sultans and their neighbours struck bronze pieces showing horsemen, lions, and astrological figures. Seljuks of Rum, Rukn al-Din Sulayman II (AH 592 to 600 / AD 1196 to 1204) Æ dirham (6.91 g, 32.5 mm, die axis 12h), Qaysariya, AH 595 (AD 1198/9) Obv: Facing horseman, nimbate, riding right and holding a three-forked scepter; six-pointed star behind Rev: Kufic legend in inner field and margin Ref: Broome 57B; Izmirlier 100. Sulayman II was a brother of Kaykhusraw I. He took the throne from Kaykhusraw in 1196 and held it until 1204. His son Kilij Arslan III followed for about a year, after which Kaykhusraw I returned and ruled to 1211. Seljuks of Rum, Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusraw I, second reign (AH 601 to 608 / AD 1204 to 1211) Æ fals (3.00 g, 23 mm, die axis 7h) Obv: Horseman advancing right, holding a sword Rev: legend Ref: Album 1207 The line then ran through Kaykaus I to his brother Kayqubad I, the father of the sultan around whom this post turns. The high point: Kayqubad I Kayqubad I (reigned 1219 to 1237) presided over the widest reach and greatest prosperity of the sultanate. His silver was struck in the name of the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, the acknowledgment of religious authority that a Sunni ruler placed on his coins. Seljuks of Rum, Ala al-Din Kayqubad I (AH 616 to 634 / AD 1219 to 1237) AR dirham (2.77 g, 22 mm), Sivas, AH 617 (AD 1220) Obv and Rev: names and titles of the sultan, citing the Abbasid caliph al-Nasir li-Din Allah (Baghdad, AD 1180 to 1225) Ref: Broome 172. When Kayqubad died in 1237, his son Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusraw II became sultan. He reigned until his death in 1245, and his reign is the pivot of this story: it produced the most famous Seljuk coins and ended in the disaster that broke the dynasty's independence. The wine-drinking sultan and his Georgian queen Ruler: Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusraw II ibn Kayqubad Dynasty: Seljuks of Rum Denomination: AR dirham Type: Inscriptions only, without central cartouches, citing the caliph al-Mustansir Struck: AH 634–638 (AD 1236–1241) Mints: Sivas Obv: الإمام المستنصر بالله أمير المؤمنين ضرب بسيواس سنةست وثلاثون وستمائة (The Imam al-Mustansir by God Commander of the Faithful Struck at Sivas in the year six and thirty and six hundred) Rev: السلطان الأعظم غياث الدنيا والدين كيخسرو بن كيقباد (The Supreme Sultan Supporter of the World and the Faith Kaykhusraw son of Kayqubad) Ref: Album 1216.1 Bar Hebraeus, a bishop of the Syriac Orthodox Church who wrote a world chronicle in the thirteenth century, had a low opinion of Kaykhusraw II: "Then the new Sultan GHAYATH AD-DIN sent and had brought to him the daughter of the queen of the IBERIANS for a wife; and he loved her dearly. And he gave himself up to childishness of mind, and he began to occupy himself with wine-bibbings and drinking bouts, and he amused himself with birds and animals. And he left the government of his kingdom in the hands of his slaves, and each of them began to act as he pleased." - Bar Hebraeus, Chronography, translated by E. A. Wallis Budge (Oxford, 1932), 471 The "queen of the Iberians" is a geographical puzzle worth a sentence. Iberia here is not Spain. It was the classical and Byzantine name for the eastern Georgian kingdom of Kartli, so the wife Bar Hebraeus describes came from Georgia. She was Tamar, of the Bagrationi royal house, daughter of Queen Rusudan of Georgia and granddaughter of the famous Queen Tamar the Great. In Anatolia she became known as Gürcü Hatun, the "Georgian Lady." The Georgian form of that name, გურჯი-ხათუნი, gave the original version of this post its title. Early Georgian Stats, Map by Deu, based on work by A. Anderson and Don-Kun CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons The lion and the sun Between about AH 638 and 641 (roughly AD 1240 to 1243), Kaykhusraw II struck a series of dirhams at Sivas and Konya that break the usual rule against images. They show a lion walking, with a human-faced sun rising above its back. Seljuks, Rum, Sultan Ḡīāṯ-al-Dīn Kayḵosrow, first reign, AH 634-644 / AD 1237-1246, Dirham, Sivas, AH 639 = AD 1241/2 Obv: Lion advancing right; personification of sun above; in field to left, star; below, star and crescent with pellet; around, الامام المستنصربالله اميرالمؤمنين legend “the Imam al-Mustansir billah, Commander of the Faithful". Rev: Legend bearing the name and title of Sultan Ḡīāṯ-al-Dīn Kayḵosrow, the Saljuqid of Rūm; in outer margin, in square design, ضرب هذا الدرهم \ سوس في \ سنة تسع \ وثلثين و ستمائة "This dirham was struck at Sivas in the year 639". Inside, السلطان \ الاعظم \ كيخشرو \ بن كيقبد on four lines, "The Greatest Sultan Kaykhushraw b. Kayqubad" Note: not 100% confident in the date, compare here and here. What the lion and sun mean is debated, and the honest answer is that we have interpretations rather than a statement from the mint. Three readings circulate, and they do not all exclude one another. The image is from a 16th century translation of an older book on astrology by Abu Mashar showing the conjunction of the Sun and the constellation Leo. The first reading is astrological. The sun in the house of Leo is a standard image in medieval astrology, and a ruler might place it on his coins as a sign of power and good fortune. The Metropolitan Museum of Art catalogues its example of the type as an astrological device, the sun in Leo. The second reading is personal: that the lion stands for the sultan and the sun for Gürcü Hatun, so the coin celebrates the marriage. A romantic version of this story holds that Kaykhusraw wished to put his wife's likeness on his money and settled for the sun as her emblem. That wish is often repeated, however, there is no primary source that says Kaykhusraw wanted Gürcü Hatun's likeness on his coins. That detail is a modern embellishment. The only contemporary testimony in play is Bar Hebraeus reporting the marriage and the sultan's infatuation, and the coin connection was inferred from it by later writers. Specialists who studied the coinage specifically reject the sun-as-Tamar reading. The third reading connects the sun to the birth-sign of the sultan himself. A related type shows two lions rather than a lion and sun, which complicates any neat pairing of one lion with the sultan and one sun with the queen. On the two-lion variety see the example on ACSearch. On the wider history of the lion-and-sun emblem, later adopted as a national symbol in Iran, see the Encyclopaedia Iranica article on flags. Two museum and scholarly retellings of the Gürcü Hatun story are worth reading: the historical note at the David Collection, and an essay at sufism.org. Köse Dağ, 1243 The reign that produced these coins ended in defeat. In 1240 a charismatic preacher, Baba Ishak, raised a revolt among the Anatolian Turkmen that took the sultanate two years or more to put down. It left Kaykhusraw weakened when a far greater threat arrived. On 26 June 1243, at Köse Dağ near Sivas, a Mongol army under the general Baiju routed the Seljuk forces. Baiju had taken over the Mongol command in the Caucasus after Chormaqan, and he had already sacked Erzurum. The Mongol force is usually put at about 30,000, smaller than the army Kaykhusraw assembled, but far better disciplined. The sultan fled to Ankara with his treasury and his household. Köse Dağ turned the sultanate into a tributary of the Mongols. For the rest of its history the dynasty ruled at the pleasure of the Ilkhanate, the Mongol state centered on Iran, and Seljuk politics became a contest over which prince the Mongols would back. The boy sultans Kaykhusraw II died in 1245 leaving three young sons and no strong successor. His eleven-year-old son took the throne as Izz al-Din Kaykaus II. Seljuks of Rum, Izz al-Din Kaykaus II, first sole reign (AH 643 to 647 / AD 1245 to 1249) AR dirham, Sivas, AH 646 (AD 1248/9) Obv: the Kalimat al-Tayyiba (the profession of faith) and date, in ornamental Arabic within a dotted square, a rosette between two stars above Rev: the titles of Kaykaus II in ornamental Arabic within a dotted square, a rosette between two stars above Ref: Broome 321B. Seljuks, Rum, 'Izz al-Din Kay Ka'us II, first sole reign, AH 643-647 / AD 1245-1249, Dirham, Qunya mint, AH 646 = AD, 1248/9 In 1248 his brother Qilij Arslan IV, who favored submission to the Mongols, was raised against him. Both were boys, so the real actors were their guardians and the Mongol court. Within about a year the arrangement settled into a joint rule of the three brothers, whose names are all named together on the coinage. Seljuks of Rum, Kaykaus II, Qilij Arslan IV, and Kayqubad II (joint rule, AH 647 to 655 / AD 1249 to 1257) AR dirham (3.09 g, 22.5 mm) Obv: "there is no god but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God, the Imam al-Musta'sim billah, Commander of the Faithful" Rev: "the Supreme Sultans: Glory of the World and the Faith Kaykaus, and Pillar of the World and the Faith Qilij Arslan, and Exalted of the World and the Faith Kayqubad son of Kaykhusraw, Proofs of the Commander of the Faithful" Ref: Album 1227; ICV 1349 Seljuks of Rum, joint rule of the three brothers AR dirham (3.00 g, 22 mm), Konya, AH 650 (AD 1252/3) Ref: Broome 334 Av(iv)b Turco-Mongol succession traditions did not recognize first born heir; all male descendants possessed an equal theoretical mandate to rule. This created fratricidal conflict and factionalism when a sovereign died. The Seljuk princes were largely underage figureheads manipulated by the military elite (amirs and viziers). Shifts in the ruling configuration reflected the shifting supremacy of these underlying amiral factions rather than the political agency of the brothers. Following the Seljuk defeat at Köse Dağ (1243 CE), the Mongol Empire (and later the Ilkhanate) intentionally partitioned the Sultanate and endorsed rival claimants to maximize tribute and prevent unified regional resistance. 'Izz al-Din Kaykaus II (Sole Reign): 644–647 AH (1246–1249 CE). The eldest brother claimed the throne, issuing standard single-ruler coinage. Rukn al-Din Qilij Arslan IV (1st Reign): 646–647 AH (1248–1249 CE). Qilij Arslan travelled to the Mongol court, returning with a yarligh (decree) appointing him ruler before the viziers forced a power-sharing agreement. Joint Reign of the Three Brothers: 647–652 AH (1249–1254 CE). Coins from this period name all three brothers to project unity and satisfy Mongol demands for shared tribute. Joint Reign of Two Brothers: 652–655 AH (1254–1257 CE). Following the death of the youngest brother, Kayqubad II, the remaining two brothers formally co-ruled, though civil war effectively split their administrations. Rukn al-Din Qilij Arslan IV (2nd Reign): 655–664 AH (1257–1266 CE). In 655 AH, the Mongol commander Baiju partitioned the empire. Kaykaus II retained the west, while Qilij Arslan IV was granted the east (capital: Sivas). By 660 AH (1262 CE), Kaykaus II fled into exile, leaving Qilij Arslan IV as the sole ruler of the entire Sultanate under Ilkhanid control. Here is Kayka'us II from his first sole reign in 644. Seljuqs of Rum; 'Izz al-Din Kaykaus II b. Kaykhusraw II, first sole reign. AR dirham , Sivas.(2.38g, 2.5 mm). AH 644 (AD 1246/7). Obv: shahada and the name of the caliph al-Musta'sim bi'llah within a square; date in outer margin. Rev: al-sultan al-a'zam 'Izz al-dunya wa'l-din Kaykaus bin Kaykhusraw within a square; mint in outer margin. Ref: Album 1223.1; ICV 1344; Here's a coin of Qilij Arslan IV from the start of his sole reign in 655. Seljuqs of Rum, Rukn al-Din Qilij Arslan IV b. Kaykhusraw, second reign (AH 655-664). AR dirham (3.02g, 22mm). date AH 655 (AD 1257/8). Obv: in three lines within a beaded circle, al-Imam al-Musta'sim bi'llah amir al-mu'minin; six-pointed rosettes in field at right and lower left. Rev: in four lines, al-sultan al-a'zam Rukn al-dunya wa'l-din Qilij Arslan bin Kaykhusraw; mint and date formula in outer margin. Ref: Album 1230; Zeno #102381 Kaykaus II later held a second sole reign (AH 655 to 660 / AD 1257 to 1261), attested here by a dirham of the Konya mint dated AH 658. Decline: Kaykhusraw III By the reign of Kaykhusraw III (1265 to 1283) the coinage itself records the weakening of the state. Steven Album notes that the dirhams were carefully struck into the early years of this reign, after which the workmanship grew careless, though the weight standard held: "Silver dirhams were generally carefully struck until the early years of the reign of Kaykhusraw III, but later pieces were increasingly haphazardly struck. They were all struck to the standard of just under 3 grams (theoretically the classic 2.97 g dirham) until 697." Steven Album, Checklist of Islamic Coins, 3rd ed. Seljuqs of Rum, Erzincan . Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusraw III b. Qilij Arslan IV. AR dirham (2.92g, 23mm). AH 663 (AD 1264/5). Obv: shahada, la ilaha illa'llah Muhammad rasul Allah; date in outer margin. Rev: al-sultan al-a'zam Ghiyath al-dunya wa'l-din Kaykhusraw bin Qilij Arslan; mint in outer margin. Ref: Album 1232; Izmirlier 924; Zeno #254996. Seljuqs of Rum, Madinat Lu'lu'a. Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusraw III b. Qilij Arslan IV. AR dirham ([0.00]g, [00]mm). AH [date]. Obv: al-mulk lillah within a six-lobed figure inside a circle; mint and date in outer margin. Rev: al-sultan al-a'zam Ghiyath al-dunya wa'l-din Kaykhusraw bin Qilij Arslan in four lines. Ref: Album 1232; Zeno #127810. Here are two more of his coins from the mint of Ma'din Lu'lu'a, "the mine of Lu'lu'a," a silver-mining mint in eastern Anatolia whose output becomes important at the end of the dynasty. Seljuks of Rum, Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusraw III (AH 663 to 682 / AD 1265 to 1283) AR dirham (2.95 g), Madinat Lu'lu'a, date off the flan; partial name of the ruler Stephen Album notes that "Silver dirhams were generally carefully struck until the early years of the reign of Kaykhusraw III, but later pieces were increasingly haphazardly struck. They were all struck to the standard of just under 3 grams (theoretically the classic 2.97g dirham) until 697." Seljuks of Rum, Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusraw III AR half dirham (2.15 g, 22 mm), Madinat Lu'lu'a, AH 674 (AD 1275/6) Obv: within a polylobe, al-mulk lillah, "sovereignty belongs to God"; around, mint and date Rev: the name and titles of the sultan, al-sultan al-a'zam / ghiyath al-dunya wa al-din / abu al-fath kaykhusraw / ibn qilij arslan Ref: Album 1232; Mitchiner 1001 The last sultan: Mas'ud II The collection ends with Mas'ud II, a grandson of Kaykhusraw II through Kaykaus II. His career shows how thoroughly the Mongols now controlled the throne. He spent part of his youth in exile in the Crimea and at Constantinople. In 1284 the Ilkhan Ahmad Tegüder deposed and executed Kaykhusraw III and installed Mas'ud in his place. Mas'ud established himself at Konya in 1286 and campaigned against the rising Turkmen principalities, the beyliks, on the Mongols' behalf. The newly added coin belongs to this first reign, and it was struck at the silver-mine mint in the year Mas'ud settled at Konya. Seljuks of Rum, Mas'ud II, first reign (circa AD 1284 to 1296) AR dirham (2.9 g, 25 mm), Ma'din Lu'lu'a, AH 685 (AD 1286/7) Obv: السلطان الأعظم غياث الدنيا والدين أبو الفتح مسعود بن كيكاوس بن كيخسرو, "the Greatest Sultan, Ghiyath al-Dunya wa'l-Din, Abu al-Fath Mas'ud, son of Kaykawus, son of Kaykhusraw" Rev: لا اله الا الله / محمد رسول الله / ضرب بمعدن لؤلؤة في / سنة خمس وثمانين وستمائة, "there is no god but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God; struck at Ma'din Lu'lu'a in the year 685" Condition: good very fine The dealer's ticket dated this coin to a first reign of 1281 to 1298. The standard account places the first reign a little differently, from his installation by the Ilkhan in 1284 to his deposition in 1296, so I have used those dates and noted that the coin's own date, 685 AH, falls in 1286, the year he took up residence at Konya. Mas'ud was deposed in 1296, restored in 1302, and died around 1307 or 1308. His later years coincided with the end of Seljuk coinage. Album describes how the Ilkhans absorbed the sultanate: "In 699/700 the central and eastern portions of the Rum Seljuq kingdom were incorporated into the Ilkhanate, and local Seljuq coinage was suppressed except in those few far western districts where the Ilkhans exerted no influence. These far western regions were ruled by local beyliks who issued their coins in the name of the last Seljuqs." - Steven Album, Checklist of Islamic Coins, 3rd ed. Seljuks of Rum, Ghiyath al-Din Mas'ud II AR dirham Ref: Album 1236 After about 1308 Mas'ud and the Seljuk sultanate drop out of the record. The beyliks that had been the sultans' unruly subjects became the successor states of Anatolia, and one of them, the house of Osman, would in time build the Ottoman Empire. Note: This is a rewrite of my earlier post (Dec, 5 2020), reorganized as a single chronological story and with the sourcing tightened. References Ibn Bibi. al-Awamir al-Ala'iyya fi'l-umur al-Ala'iyya. The main Persian chronicle of the Rum Seljuks, written around AD 1282. German translation: Herbert W. Duda, Die Seltschukengeschichte des Ibn Bibi (Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1959). Bar Hebraeus (Gregory Abu'l-Faraj). The Chronography of Gregory Abu'l Faraj, Commonly Known as Bar Hebraeus. Translated by E. A. Wallis Budge. 2 vols. London: Oxford University Press, 1932. Quoted at 1:471. Full text at the Internet Archive; see also the syri.ac guide to the Chronicles. Album, Stephen. Checklist of Islamic Coins. 3rd ed. Santa Rosa, CA: Stephen Album Rare Coins, 2011. Seljuq of Rum: types A1216 to A1236. Broome, Michael. A Handbook of Islamic Coins. London: Seaby, 1985. Claude Cahen's Pre-Ottoman Turkey (1968) Robert E. Darley-Doran, "Sald̲j̲ūḳids. Numismatics," in The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed. (Leiden: Brill, 1995), 8:969–978. Garry Leiser, "Observations on the 'Lion and Sun' Coinage of Kai-Khusraw," Mésogeios 2 (1998): 96–114. Leiser dismisses the marriage story and concludes the motif was a symbol of the reign, and that the human-faced sun represents the sultan himself, supreme over man and beast. Ilisch, Lutz. "Continuity and Transformation of the Lion and Sun Device on Coins of the Jazira from the Artuqid to the Safavid State." In At the Crossroads of Empires: 14th–15th Century Eastern Anatolia; Proceedings of the International Symposium Held in Istanbul, 4th–6th May 2007, edited by Deniz Beyazit and Simon Rettig, 105–124. Varia Anatolica 25. Istanbul: Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes-Georges Dumézil; Paris: De Boccard, 2012. A. C. S. Peacock, "Georgia and the Anatolian Turks in the 12th and 13th Centuries," Anatolian Studies 56 (2006): 127–146, at 141. Peacock lays out why the marriage connection is untenable. Izmirlier, Yılmaz. Anadolu Selçuklu Paraları (The Coins of the Anatolian Seljuks). Istanbul, 2009. Mitchiner, Michael. The World of Islam. Oriental Coins and Their Values. London: Hawkins, 1977. Encyclopaedia Iranica, "Flags i." iranicaonline.org. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Dirham of Ghiyath al-Din Kai Khusrau II; Astrological Device (Sun-Lion)."

rowers, gubernator at stern Ref: Crawford 290/1; Sydenham 555; Fonteia 1 Two words associated with ancient This isn't the most beautiful ancient coin, and at 1.12g it is small.

William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. 10. Beard, Mary. SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome.

Prices for ancient coins cover a full range from <$1 (or even worthless) to priceless. Top 10 Pricing Factors Here is my view on top 10 factors contributing to overall price (with an attempt Demand a bigger factor in ancient pricing than supply in my view. Various types of damage can affect an ancient coins value. many vary rare provincial coins (with < 10 known) are also very affordable.

"Heraklea" was a common name for cities in the ancient Greek world. The Wikipedia (as of Dec-2023) lists an island in the Aegean sea, seven ancient cities in Asia and 15 Little remains beyond ruins of a stadium and city walls of the ancient town, once located on the Phrygia-Caria This coin is rarely seen for sale - I found only two in ACSearch, both sold in the last 10 years, both The modern village of Hisarköy is located on top of the ruins of Attuda.

Ancient visual puns: the city's name, spoken in pictures. At 4.14 g / 17.2 mm it is the large module of that series (most surviving examples are tiny ~1 g, 10 Anatolian Archaeology, “Excavation of the Temple of Athena Began in the Ancient City of Aigai”, Anatolian Top fragment (A) — heading, worn A1 [...] (ἐπὶ γῆς τῆς ἄλλης; links to κτήτωρ in top fragment) L12 [...]

Ancient coins and art can give us insights into ancient peoples. The coin that I share today shows an image of a representative voting in ancient Antioch, province of Seleucia was the ancient sea port and capital of the Seleucid empire under Seleucos I and Pieria refers 40-bc The Boule (βουλή), was a council (Greek: βουλευταί) in the representative democratic system of ancient For more coins depicting voting in ancient Rome and discussion of voting and voting laws in the Roman

Auction in Ancient Rome, Pietro Gabrini (1856 - 1926), oil on canvas, 65.5x110cm, Rome, public domain Auction Formats and Bidding Options Modern online auctions for unique, high-value items (like ancient Pre-bidding (Absentee Bids):  Many ancient coin auctions allow “pre-bids” or absentee bids before a live Ancient coin auctions get the best of all formats with modern platforms: pre-bid, proxy-bid, and live For example, if an ancient coin auction shows that a respected dealer or a bidder with a strong track

A modern map (Google) shows The Anxient site of Savatra (near modern Yaglibayat, Turkiye) with no lakes Although it doesn't look like the most hospitable aquatic environment - modern Lake Tuz (ancient Lake Tuz Dries Up Due to Climate Change, Farming. " Phys.org , 28 Oct. 2021, https://phys.org/news/2021-10 There is no village (as I understand) beside the ruins, and, to all appearance, the ancient name has

(see: An Ancient Coin for Independence Day ). for the more common coin in this series Crawford 434/2 and this coin has 1/10th the number of dies (<10 There are images of this coin from 3 previous owners from top to bottom: McCabe (after 2019); CNG (2019

modern" times with a "modern" coin, I will ask the reader's patience...eventually it will go back to "ancient Although it doesn't have an emperor's portrait, this coin certainly brings to mind coins of ancient Rome Here are a few ancients that illustrate the persistent themes on this coin. (See: A Coin for Independence Day, and Ancient Symbols). L. coins, Anastasius is interesting as the one who reformed the bronze coinage introducing coins of 5, 10